Health And Wellness Positive Or Negative - 1322 Words

Title: Positive People Live Longer.... Really! Category: Health Wellness Tags: positive outlook, staying positive, being positive, positive people Summary: How positive or negative you reflects your attitude about life. And your attitude about life may reflect long you live. That’s right. New studies reveal that having a better attitude may actually help you live longer. Article: Are you an optimistic person by nature, or a â€Å"Debbie-downer?† If you chose the latter, then it’s time to lighten â€Å"up.† Science now reveals that adopting a positive outlook can bring-about some awesome life changes. Apart from feeling happier, less stressed and more motivated, being positive may actually help you live longer. Being happy keeps you healthy Being optimistic can do more than just help you get through rough patches. It may actually increase your life span. In a recent Harvard University study, women who had an optimistic outlook were less likely to die from conditions that included top killers like cardiovascular disease, cancer and infection. The study published inShow MoreRelatedPersonal Statement On Health Consciousness1208 Words   |  5 PagesABSTRACT Our health conscientiousness and intellect is part of our inner self that helps makes decisions. However, our health consciousness guides our intellect to take decisions for our wellbeing and the intellect keeps our minds under its own control so it would not be taken for a different route by outside sensory objects. Health consciousness is part of our natural intelligence that always remains inside of us. We may not always access it, but we do have it inside of us. Results show thatRead MoreReflection On Self Reflection809 Words   |  4 Pagesattitude. Wellness has a broader definition, than health, which it’s definition is the absence of disease and wellness is defined as the optimal health and vitality to living a healthy and fulfilling life. Also, is a process in which we become aware and we make choices to a better lifestyle. Maintaining an excellent level of wellness is crucial to live longer, live a higher quality life and control risk factors. To achieve this, is important to consider some of the dimensions of wellness. ThroughRead MoreDepression Is The Worlds Most Common Mental Illness1455 Words   |  6 Pagesboth genders and all age groups and all social classes. Although it is more likely to have a greater effect on women, racial and ethnic minorities, those without a high school education, those divorced or never married, jobless, and those without health insurance. Women have a 70% higher rate than Men to experience depression, and young adults ages 18-25 are 60% much more likely to endure depression than someone who is 50 years or older. An estimated 8.2% of American teenagers, which amounts to 2Read MoreSix Dimensions of Health1418 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: SIX DIMENSIONS OF HEALTH 1 Six Dimensions of Health Daniel Smith Sci/ 100 July 10, 2010 Tara Campbell Six Dimensions of Health 2 The challenges of balancing work, school, and a social life can sometimes seem like a major task. However, in spite of these challenges the six dimensions of health are the keys to living a quality and prosperous life. My objective is to identify three of the six dimensions of health, and explain why theyre my strongest. Next, chooseRead MoreDepression Is The Worlds Most Common Mental Illness1698 Words   |  7 Pagesboth genders and all age groups and all social classes. Although it is more likely to have a greater effect on women, racial and ethnic minorities, those without a high school education, those divorced or never married, jobless, and those without health insurance. Women have a 70% higher rate than Men to experience depression, and young adults ages 18-25 are 60% much more likely to endure depression than someone who is 50 years or older. An estimated 8.2% of American teenagers, which amounts to 2Read MoreToo Much Violence and Bullying among Adolescents816 Words   |  3 Pagesrelates to the adolescent as this is an indirect form of bullying that has a negative impact on the social development of this population (Vessey, DiFazio, and Strout, 2013, p. 338). This paper focuses on the negative impacts that bullying has on an adolescent’s social development (isolation, difficulties within peer relationships, and decreased social status) and the interventions that nurses use to promote health and wellness on bullied victims. The importance of developing peer relationships is crucialRead MoreAlternative Medicine On The Body And The Brain1272 Words   |  6 Pagessystem for wellness and prevention. Alternative medicine focuses on improving brain chemistry through natural means. It focuses on getting the body to take care of itself. Alternative medicine is based on the premise that health is impacted by the energy body, the conscious and subconscious mind and the physical body. Thoughts, energy and emotions affect health. They impact the health of the body. Thoughts, energy and emotions drive physical reality toward disease or wellness. Disease or wellness thenRead MoreNurses And The Practice Of Nursing908 Words   |  4 Pages INTRODUCTION Most professions are identified, recognized, and associated with certain concepts and terminologies that define the particular profession. For the nursing profession, the concepts of health, illness, disease, disability, and wellness are words that most people use to define the role nurses and the practice of nursing. A better understanding of the definition of these terminologies would provide a framework by which clinicians could build upon to create effectiveRead MoreThe Role Of Nurses And The Practice Of Nursing1122 Words   |  5 PagesINTRODUCTION Most professions are identified, recognized, and associated with certain concepts and terminologies that define the particular profession. For the nursing profession, the concepts of health, illness, disease, disability, and wellness are words that most people use to define the role of nurses and the practice of nursing. A better understanding of the definition of these terminologies would provide a framework by which clinicians could build upon to create effective practices, educateRead MoreBiopsychosocial vs. Biomedical Model Essay947 Words   |  4 PagesBiomedical Model The biomedical model and the biopsychosocial model are both representations of health commonly accepted in modern society. The biomedical model considers the absence of disease is physical wellness. This model is good practice but it has limitations. On the other hand, the biopsychosocial model takes into account the whole person which has led to extensive research in many aspects of wellness. It addresses more than physical well being as many people now are ill but they have no presence

The Effects Of Operant Conditioning On Children And...

My goal is to work in a Residential Treatment Facility, and work with the children and adolescents. I want to get to the root of their behavioral problems. Hopefully when they are able to leave the facility they can take what they have learned from our sessions and utilize them in a positive way. They will be able to live a productive and hopefully happy life, and can achieve the dreams that they have set for themselves. Hopefully with everything they have learned they will not end up another statistic and end in prison. Operant conditioning is going to be an effective tool in giving therapy to adolescents in a Juvenile Detention Center. With operant conditioning, the person needs to act the desired way before they are reinforced, and the reinforcement is contingent on their behavior. If the adolescent does not do the desired behavior then they will not be reinforced. Operant conditioning also uses punishment as a technique to change the behavior. The reinforcements can be either positive or negative. A positive reinforcer is a stimulus that is related to the person’s survival, and is added after the desired response has occurred. An example of a positive reinforcer is adding a certain amount of time to an activity that they enjoy. A negative reinforcer is taking something away when following a response. An example of a negative reinforcer is taking away a chore that they have to do during the week. Both positive and negative reinforcer will help increase the probabilityShow MoreRelatedPhobias and Addictions Related to Classical and Operant Conditioning865 Words   |  4 Pagesas Related to Classical and Operant Conditioning Introduction People can become conditioned to respond to various stimuli in positive and negative ways, including phobias and addictions. In order to better understand how stimuli elicit phobic or addictive responses, this paper provides a discussion concerning phobias and addictions as related to classical and operant conditioning, including explorations of how phobias can be developed through classical conditioning and how addictions can be developedRead MoreThe Field Of Personality Development1337 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract The way we walk, to the way we talk. How we reason, and how we act, all depend on our personality. Personality development is relevant to adolescent development because the two go hand in hand. With development comes development of who someone is, their personality. In this paper I will look deeper into the genetics behind personality development, as well as the environmental aspect. I will relate personality development to aspects of learning discussed in the course material. I willRead MoreEssay on Behavioral Learning Theories887 Words   |  4 PagesBehavioral theories are based on contiguity, classical and operant conditioning, applied behavior analysis, social learning theory and self-regulation/cognitive behavior modification. Early views of learning were contiguity and classical conditioning. In contiguity learning, two events are repeatedly paired together and become associated in the learners mind. Pavlov took this idea one step further in his experiments on classical conditioning where a previously neutral stimulus is repeatedly pairedRead MoreClassic Behavioristic Principles of Psychology Developed by B.F. Skinner1372 Words   |  6 Pagesnonhuman behavior, including human behavioral development, and to various segments of the life span, including human infancy† (p. 1411). One of Skinners greatest scientific discoveries was â€Å"single reinforcement† which became sufficient for â€Å"operant conditioning, the role of extinction in the discovery of intermittent schedules, the development of the method of shaping by successive approximation, and Skinners break with and rejection of stimulus-response psychology† (Iversen, 1992, p. 1318). AccordingRead MoreTheories And Research Studies Into Attachment1227 Words   |  5 Pagessuggested that this attachment between infant and caregiver may have influence throughout their lives. Two important learning theories of behaviourist perspective are classical conditioning (Ivan Pavlov 1849-1936) experiments with dogs and operant conditioning (Thorndike’s and B.F Skinner). Classical conditioning is learning that occurs trough association can be defined as a type of learning in which a conditioned stimulus (sound of a bell, Pavlov) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (food)Read MoreTheories Of Explaining Behavior Through Observation1719 Words   |  7 Pages Adolescent Psychology Term Paper Jamila Williams Tuskegee University Behavioral psychology is based on the concept of explaining behavior through observation. Behaviorists, psychologist that study behavior, believe a person can be understood through observing their behavior. This school of psychology assumes that we are born as a blank state and everyone is equal. However, environmental factors are what leads to us behaving differently from one another. American Psychologist and FounderRead MoreEssay on Adolescence - Learning and development. Not a bad essay written over night for a Monday hand in,surprised at the outcome will post the Bibliography when I find it3514 Words   |  15 Pagesadolescence. The adolescent years extend roughly from age 10 to age 22. It is common to mark the beginning of the teenage years as the entrance to adolescence; most people consider that the onset of puberty, or the beginning of sexual maturity, as a sign of an individuals passage from middle childhood to adolescence. While the physical changes of puberty are an important indicator signalling adolescent development, many other kinds of changes also occur during the adolescent years; cognitive,Read MoreEcological Systems Theory By Urie Bronfenbrenner1556 Words   |  7 Pageswith the child’s environment. The chronosystem changes and often encompasses all aspects of the child’s development. Due to the dynamics of this systems model, the argument of nature versus nurture is not easily identifiable. It is plausible that effects nature and nurture are in constant interaction with the development of the child in this theory. The Ecological Systems theory does not specify if the theory is continuous or discontinuous. Being that this theory is does not have specific stepsRead MoreEssay on Anorexia and Food Refusal in Children3655 Words   |  15 PagesAnorexia and Food Refusal in Children Eating Disorders in children and adolescents represent potentially life-threatening, debilitating conditions that impede physical, emotional, and behavioral growth and development. If treated soon after onset, childhood and adolescent eating disorders have a relatively good prognosis; however, if not treated, they may become chronic conditions by adulthood with devastating and sometimes irreversible medical, behavioral, and emotional consequences (RobinRead MoreInsight Into Criminal Behavior Essay1735 Words   |  7 Pagesto their child is more likely to produce a child with aggressive and/or criminal behavior (Garnefski Okma, 1996). One statistic proves children that have been abused or neglected are at a 50 percent greater risk engaging in criminal activity. In children and adolescents environment plays a vital role in influencing their behavior (Holmes et al., 2001). Children don’t get to choose their environment. Child development theories have emerged throughout the 2 0th Century. The influences on child development

I Woke Up and Could Not Remember What Had Happened free essay sample

Cling†¦ Cling†¦ I heard the sound of the turning door knob, I wanted to leave this unfamiliar area but some rusty iron bar surrounding me stopped me from moving an inch further. The door opened, a dark shadow came in, approaching to me. â€Å"Wow, undoubtedly this is Ethan’s precious baby, look at you, how soft, how clean, how fluffy. I bet that the money you used in your hairdressing every month is far more than our salary. Ethan must be having ants in his pants now. HAHAHA. † He has a pair of mouse-liked eyes,a pointed nose and chin, dark skin and skeletal figure which make him look nuisance especially when he said the provocative lines. Another man stepped in the dark room, with a more steady pace. â€Å"Stop goading this pity little thing. Just let the thing be done as soon as possible. † He spoke with low deep voice and the other man obeyed without uttering a word. We will write a custom essay sample on I Woke Up and Could Not Remember What Had Happened or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Then, they left leaving me alone in the room. I did not know how long I was kept inside the cage as I could not see the changes of days and nights. I was trying to leave this dirty cage but I was too hungry and thirsty to struggle. Once in a while, they would feed me with some stinking leftover but I refuse to give them a lick. I would starve until I died as only the most high-ranked Kobe beef was worth to be placed inside my mouth. One day, the mouse-liked man opened the cage and let me out. I was as happy as a lark at that moment, but what came the next was a heavy kick on my stomach. It was like lorries weighing tones to run over me, breaking my ribs and sternum. It was really unendurable and torturous especially for me whom the hydrochloric acid in my stomach corroded it internally interacted with the external violent kick. â€Å"Stop it! Don’t you know that he is our source of money now? If he is dead, then we have nothing left. † â€Å"But the arrogant Ethan refused to pay. He doesn’t believe that we really kidnapped his little son. What should we do? † â€Å"Then we should show him that we really did. † The more mature man came towards me with malicious intention. He snatched away the Chanel collar that I wore on my neck which studded with 36 D-colour diamonds. It was my two-year-old birthday present that Ethan gave to me. I never took it off since Ethan put it on for me. Send this to Ethan and he will believe in what we say. † Since then, they never came into the room anymore. My stomach was still severely aching due to the kick. Nonetheless, I could only bit the bullet off. Days and nights passed and I was again left without any proper food and drinks. Under such circumstance, I could only bow to the reality. I ate the rotten meat that they dumped at the corner of my cage. I drank the turbid water in the rusty zinc bowl. I nearly vomited but I did not, instead, swallowed it just to survive. The day has come, the two men came in, bringing a black luggage back in their hands. I thought I was going back home finally; I was going to meet Ethan finally. Nonetheless, it was all my thought. The skinny man took out a parang knife after set me free. â€Å"Hey baby boy, guess what? We have already received RM 3 million from your papa. Now, it’s the time we make this end and send your dead body to him† I was very afraid. Fear was alarming in my head. Goose bumps jumped out of my skin and my hairs stood on end. My breath became more and more rapid and my heart beat faster and faster. His evil laughter as enough to send chills to my spine. What should I do? Flee or fight? I bit the leg of the thin man as hard as my teeth could. ARGH†¦ He curled up his body because of pain and the knife fell off his hand. The door was left open. Adrenaline in my body stimulated my weak and thin leg to run as I could never run faster than that anymore. The other man picked up the knife on the floor and chased after me. I squeezed through the narrow gap at the door, leaving the man behind who had already be blown off his top. There were some illustrations in my tiny little eyes as they were not used to the bright day light after being kept in darkness for a long period. After I regained my conscious, I realized that it was a complete strange region for me. There were no people around, only a few houses and a police booth located several feet away. I bolted towards the police booth for rescue as the men were running after me. I thought there was no way I could run faster than them but I did. Perhaps four legs are really faster than two. I could see the fire of anger in their eyes. I stopped at the blue building and wailed but not any response was given. I decided to walked into the police booth and saw my picture on the wall. I shouted at the police officer but they seemed not to understand me and this made me barking-mad. I pulled them to the wall and showed them the picture on the wall. â€Å"You looked familiar. Have I seen you anywhere before? Ah! You are Ethan, the billionaire’s lost puppy, aren’t you? † After having a feast and a sweet sleep, I was sent back to my palace. The moment I met Ethan, I saw tears streaming down his face, and I could feel watery in my eyes too.

To be or not to be Art Essay Example

To be or not to be: Art Essay Graffiti art is an art form. The reasons as to why it is an art form far outweigh the criticism of its illegality and nonstandard presentation. The purpose of this paper is to explain how graffiti art overcomes these concerns and should be considered an art form. Suppose that Leonardo, Monet, Picasso, or any other recognized artists of Western European culture were alive today and decided to paint a masterpiece on the side of your house. Would Picasso or Monets markings be considered art or vandalism? People;s answers may vary, but I would classify those markings as art in the form of graffiti. Their markings would qualify as vandalism only if they appeared on private or public property unauthorized. Graffiti art originated in the late 1960s and still isnt accepted as art like museum or gallery works. Graffiti art is not denied the status of genuine art because of a lack of form or skills, but is mainly due to its location and bold, unexpected presentation. Graffiti is the plural f orm of the Italian word grafficar. In plural, grafficar stands for drawings, markings, patterns, scribbles, or messages that are painted, written, or carved on a surface. Grafficar also means to scratch, such as wall writings or bathroom scribbles. The present day definition has added that graffiti is unauthorized writings on a private or public property and is usually considered to be vandalism. Modern graffiti art originated in New York City, and it was knownfirst as New York Style graffiti. This art form began in the late 1960s when teens used permanent markers to write their names in subway cars. In the 1970s people began painting subway trains, starting the existence of subway art. Train painting became crucial to the development of graffiti art because this was the time when every artist wanted to be recognized. The visibility of the trains encouraged more people to try out this new form of art. Despite New York City

The Technique In The Great Gat essays

The Technique In The Great Gat essays The Great Gatsby is Fitzgeralds finest novel, it was published in1925, and Eliot considered it to be the first step that America has taken since Henry James1. It is a sensitive and symbolic treatment of themes of contemporary life related with irony and pathos to the legendry of American dream. Nick Carraway, a young Midwesterner who sells bonds in New York, lives at West Egg, Long Islands, which is separated from the city by an ashdump, whose distinctive feature is an oculists faded billboard with a pair of great staring eyes behind yellow spectacles, symbolic of an obscenely futile world. Nicks neighbor is mysterious Jay Gatsby, whose mansion and fabulous entertainments are financed by bootlegging and other criminal activities. As a poor army lieutenant, Gatsby had fallen in love with Nicks cousin Daisy, who later married Tom Buchanan, an unintelligent, brutal man of wealth. Through Nick, he manages to meet Daisy again, impresses her by his extravagant devotion, and makes her his mistress. Her husband takes as his mistress Myrtle Wilson, sensual wife of a garage man. When her husband becomes jealous and imprisons her in her room, Myrtle escapes, runs out on the highway, and is accidentally hit by Daisy, who drives on. Gatsby tries to protect Daisy, and Tom, to whom she h as become reconciled, brings his hatred of her lover to a climax by telling Myrtles husband that it was Gatsby who killed her. Wilson shoots Gatsby and then himself. At the end of the story, Nick leaves the East and returns to the Mid-west. The Great Gatsby is the subject of many and diverse critical assessments and reappraisals that have elevated the novel to its current prominent position in American literature2. In this novel, Fitzgerald used many techniques: the controlled and detached point of view, the crafted structure and symbolism, all these distinguish The Great Gatsby from the style of h...

A Biography of American Spy Hercules Mulligan

A Biography of American Spy Hercules Mulligan Born in Ireland’s County Londonderry on September 25, 1740, Hercules Mulligan immigrated to the American colonies when he was just six years old. His parents, Hugh and Sarah, left their homeland in hopes of improving life for their family in the colonies; they settled in New York City and Hugh became the eventual owner of a successful accounting firm. Fast Facts: Hercules Mulligan Born:  September 25, 1740Died: March 4, 1825Lived in: Ireland, New YorkParents: Hugh Mulligan and Sarah MulliganEducation:  King’s College (Columbia University)Spouse:  Elizabeth SandersKnown for: Member of Sons of Liberty, associate of Alexander Hamilton, secret agent  who worked with the Culper Ring and twice saved General George Washingtons life. Hercules was a student at King’s College, now Columbia University, when another young man–one Alexander Hamilton, late of the Caribbean–came knocking on his door, and the two of them formed a friendship. This friendship would turn into political activity in just a few short years. Thinker, Tailor, Soldier,  Spy Hamilton lived with Mulligan for a period during his tenure as a student, and the two of them had many late-night political discussions. One of the earliest members of the Sons of Liberty, Mulligan is credited from swaying Hamilton away from his stance as a Tory and into a role as a patriot and one of America’s founding fathers. Hamilton, originally a supporter of British dominion over the thirteen colonies, soon came to the conclusion that the colonists should be able to rule themselves. Together, Hamilton and Mulligan joined the Sons of Liberty, a secret society of patriots that was formed to protect colonists’ rights. Following his graduation, Mulligan worked briefly as a clerk in Hugh’s accounting business, but soon branched out on his own as a tailor. According to a 2016 article on the CIA website, Mulligan: â€Å"†¦cater[ed] to the crà ¨me de la crà ¨me of New York society. He also catered to wealthy British businessmen and high-ranking British military officers. He employed several tailors but preferred to greet his customers himself, taking the customary measurements and building rapport among his clientele. His business thrived, and he established a solid reputation with the gentleman of the upper class and with the British officers.† Thanks to his close access to British officers,  Mulligan was able to accomplish two very important things in a very short time. First, in 1773, he married Miss Elizabeth Sanders at Trinity Church in New York. This should be unremarkable, but Mulligan’s bride was the niece of Admiral Charles Saunders, who had been a commander in the Royal Navy prior to his death; this  gave Mulligan access to some high-ranking individuals. In addition to his marriage, Mulligan’s role as a tailor allowed him to be present during numerous conversations between British officers; in general, a tailor was much like a servant, and considered invisible, so his clients had no qualms about speaking freely in front of him. Mulligan was also a smooth talker. When British officers and businessmen came to his shop, he flattered them regularly with words of admiration. He soon figured out how to gauge troop movements based upon pickup times; if multiple officers said they’d be back for a repaired uniform on the same day, Mulligan could figure out the dates of upcoming activities. Often, he sent his slave, Cato, to General George Washington’s camp in New Jersey with the information. In 1777, Mulligan’s friend Hamilton was working as aide-de-camp to Washington, and was intimately involved in intelligence operations. Hamilton realized that Mulligan was ideally placed to gather information; Mulligan agreed almost immediately to help the patriotic cause.   Saving General Washington   Mulligan is credited with saving George Washingtons life not once, but on two separate occasions.  The first time was in 1779, when he uncovered a plot to capture the general. Paul Martin of Fox News says, â€Å"Late one evening, a British officer called at Mulligans shop to purchase a watch coat. Curious about the late hour, Mulligan asked why the officer needed the coat so quickly. The man explained that he was leaving immediately on a mission, boasting that before another day, well have the rebel general in our hands.  As soon as the officer left, Mulligan dispatched his servant to advise General Washington. Washington had been planning to rendezvous with some of his officers, and apparently the British had learned the location of the meeting and intended to set a trap. Thanks to Mulligans alert, Washington changed his plans and avoided capture.† Two years later, in 1781, another plan was foiled with the help of Mulligan’s brother Hugh Jr., who ran a successful import-export company that did a significant amount of trade with the British army. When a large amount of provisions were ordered, Hugh asked a commissary officer why they were needed; the man revealed that several hundred troops were being sent to Connecticut to intercept and seize Washington. Hugh passed the information along to his brother, who then relayed it to the Continental Army, allowing Washington to change his plans and set his own trap for British forces.   In addition to these crucial bits of information, Mulligan spent the years of the American Revolution gathering details about troop movement, supply chains, and more; all of which he passed along to Washington’s intelligence staff. He worked in tandem with the Culper Ring, a network of six spies engaged directly by Washington’s spymaster, Benjamin Tallmadge. Effectively working as a subagent of the Culper Ring, Mulligan was one of several people who passed intelligence along to Tallmadge, and thus, directly into Washington’s hands. Mulligan and his slave, Cato, were not above suspicion. At one point, Cato was captured and beaten on his way back from Washington’s camp, and Mulligan himself was arrested several times. In particular, following the defection of Benedict Arnold to the British army, Mulligan and other members of the Culper ring had to put their covert activities on hold for a while. However, the British were never able to find hard evidence that any of the men were involved in espionage. After the Revolution Following the end of the war, Mulligan occasionally found himself in trouble with his neighbors; his role of cozying up to British officers had been incredibly convincing, and many people suspected he was in fact a Tory sympathizer. To reduce the risk of his being tarred and feathered, Washington himself came to Mulligan’s shop as a customer following an Evacuation Day parade, and ordered a complete civilian wardrobe to commemorate the end of his military service. Once Mulligan was able to hang up a sign reading â€Å"Clothier to General Washington,† the danger passed, and he prospered as one of New York’s most successful tailors. He and his wife had eight children together, and Mulligan worked until the age of 80. He died five years later, in 1825. Nothing is known of what became of Cato after the American Revolution. However, in 1785, Mulligan became one of the founding members of the New York Manumission Society. Along with Hamilton, John Jay, and several others, Mulligan worked to promote the manumission of slaves and abolition of the institution of slavery. Thanks to the popularity of the Broadway hit  Hamilton, Hercules Mulligans name has become far more recognizable than it was in the past. In the play, he was originally played by  Okieriete Onaodowan, an American actor born to Nigerian parents. Hercules Mulligan is buried in New Yorks Trinity Church cemetery, in the Sanders family tomb, not far from the graves of Alexander Hamilton, his wife Eliza Schuyler Hamilton, and many other notable names from the American Revolution. Sources â€Å"The Legend of Hercules Mulligan.†Ã‚  Central Intelligence Agency, Central Intelligence Agency, 7 July 2016, www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/2016-featured-story-archive/the-legend-of-hercules-mulligan.html.Fox News, FOX News Network, www.foxnews.com/opinion/2012/07/04/this-july-4-let-thank-forgotten-revolutionary-war-hero.html.

Organizational Issues and Recommendations Essay

Organizational Issues and Recommendations - Essay Example Organizational Issues and Recommendations The Taylorist production approach was established by F.W.Taylor, who gave birth to Scientific Management. His school of thoughts is termed as Taylorism. Taylorism believed that any job can be learnt and taught. This theory treats the humans like machines and proposed that for the achieving higher production the management must eliminate inefficiency from its functioning. However, this theory completely neglects the usual complications that happen within a normal human being (Boyd, n.d). Taylorist production style supports the assembly line system where each worker performs the same task repetitively. Here the concept of division of labor was given significance and people started getting specialized in a certain domain while the rest of the production system remained unknown to them. A strict supervision policy was maintained within the organization which created distance between the management and the employees. The repetition of same task created frustration among the workers. The q uality of work started to decline which affected the management adversely. In turn the employees were threatened and scolded which ultimately resulted in more and more employee turnover. The management thought of forming groups for reducing the work pressure on individual employee and delegating each group with a particular task, like a group was responsible for making the engine and other relevant parts while another group worked on the creation of seat and the third group focused on the making the wheels of the car. The fourth group would work towards assembling the parts of the car and presenting the final product. The Issues faced by the firm The manufacturing unit realized that even after implementing the form of group work in their day to day operations, the problems like employee turnover and poor performance didn’t reduce. As they hired me as an HR consultant, I studied the various facets of the organization and reached the conclusion that the groups are suffering fro m several issues like role conflicts within groups, communication problems among group members, lack of cohesiveness in groups with diverse members and excessive intergroup conflict. Thus before proceeding with the recommendations towards solving these issues, it’s necessary to study the impact of each of this issue on the organization and the group in specific. The issues are discussed as follows- Role conflicts within groups This kind of conflict occurs between groups when the members feel uncertain about the role to be played by them. The group members might get a feeling that they are in charge of more than one responsibility within the setting of the organization and that the roles might prove to be contrasting each other. If the probability of two or more roles is irreconcilable, role conflict becomes prominent (Losh, 2011). For instance, a superior at a manufacturing plant might feel tensed due to the role played by him or her as the person poses to his juniors both as a friend and as a mentor at a time. Role conflict can occur due to non-availability of proper socialization facilities inside the organization. Group conflicts might take place due to several reasons which are- Misinformation and miscommunication Perceived or real disparity in the priorities and needs of the groups Perceived or real disparity in perceptions, values, culture, attitudes and beliefs Different structures

Composing an Argument on Patient Safety Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Composing an Argument on Patient Safety - Essay Example After some serious riots from the people the government started to think over this issue and started searching for ways to solve this issue (Mantel 2012). A committee was setup to solve this issue at its earliest and provide with a solution that is practically applicable. The committee came up with a revolutionary solution. They suggested instead of blaming hospitals, doctors or nurses the whole system should be changed. A very keen investigation should be made so that each and every issue that leads to preventable deaths can be controlled like taking proper care of the pharmacy, hygiene should be given high priority, nurses should be well trained, they should not be made to do over duty, there should be a proper communication between the hospital ward and doctor and other such practices. Different programs have been started to keep a check and balance on the health care system of different hospitals. These programs have certainly proved beneficial and effective in controlling the he alth care systems and improvement have been seen as the death tolls due to the carelessness and faults of the health care have been considerably decreased (Mantel 2012). The government has started certain programs in which the nurses and the hospital wards were given special training and education so that they coordinate perfectly with the doctor and the patient as well. They are also taught a number of different languages so that they do not create problems while communicating with the patients and do not create any problems for the patient. In earlier years we have observed that many health care related issues in foreign countries occurred because the nurse could not understand what he wanted to say and therefore confusions would arise and wrong approaches could be made. The nurses were taught to remain alert and attentive in all situations and must have a very quick response to any emergency situation. The nurses were taught a very important factor that while working they should not lose their patience and do not provide any harm to the patient if they are misbehaving. Likewise private organizations have also initiated such programs to create awareness and train the nurses. Doctors are also made to attend different sessions and seminars to make them aware of the different ways they can handle their patient with utmost care and delicacy. It sometimes happens that doctors due to certain reasons may not listen to the patient willingly and as a result of which maybe that the patient might not be given the right treatment that he needs. The doctors are made to realize that they are the responsible person at the hospital and it is their duty and obligation to carefully and properly examine the patient and give him the right treatment. Doctors are also made to learn more language rather than their own mother tongue so that they can have no problem in communicating with the patient (Vecchion 2005). In the earlier years it was a common practice that the nurses would mark the position on the patient where ever the surgery had to be conducted and as the nurses are not that well educated therefore they were very likely to make mistakes. The change that has been initiated in the system is that now the doctors are given the responsibility to mark the patient so that the chances of any errors

Hurricane Hits England By Grace Nichols and Storm on the Island Essay Example for Free

Hurricane Hits England By Grace Nichols and Storm on the Island Essay Hurricane Hits England about a hurricane that came across from the Caribbean and hit the South coast of England (Sussex). In 1987 the poem takes place at night and follows the poet, Grace Nichols, as she talks and questions the hurricane like it were an old friend. Storm on the lsland is set on the top of a cliff on a barren island off the coast of Ireland. It describes the storm and how the village people are prepared for it and have built there houses squat. This shows that there are storms there frequently and it also speaks of no trees to avoid falling branches. Storm on the Island is written in blank verse. This reflects the crashing motion of the storm. It was often used by Shakespeare because it sounds like spoken English, this makes the poet sound like he his talking to the reader. However Hurricane Hits England is written in free verse which gives the poem a relaxed feel. Also breaking it up in to stanza lets you see how the mood changes throughout the poem from questioning, to understanding. Come to break the frozen lake within me the frozen lake being her sense of belonging and home. By not using an article before the title Heaney makes it sound blunt and gives a sense that he is not just talking about one storm in particular but many. To create drama Heaney writes the poem in present tense. Enjambment is used to create the surprise a storm would give when it blows full / Blast like a gust of wind suddenly Blasting in at the start of a new line. Despite the confident start Heaney admits to being scared of the storm it is a huge nothing we fear. Whereas in the first stanza of Nichols uses a very effective metaphor to describe the hurricane howling ship of the wind this creates a ghost like quality to the hurricane this is later backed up by the word spectre. The view of the hurricane changes from stanza to stanza. In the third stanza Nichols questions the like it were an old friend. The mood is then saddened when Nichols describes roots as cratered graves. The island is described as Wizened which at first conjures thoughts of a desolate and barren landscape. There are no stacks suggests there are no crops, but as the hurricane is introduced the view of the island has been change and maybe its not just the ground that is Wizened but also the villagers. The fact the villagers are prepared for the storm is emphasised more so by the lack of trees. He uses the imagery of a tame cat / Turned savage because the sea is usually calm a gentle but can become violent and angry. The fact this is spread over two lines is to use the pause between them as the quiet before the storm. The military theme is carried on when he uses words like dives, strafes, salvos and bombardments to show the distructive power of the storm. While the storm in Hurricane Hits England is show to be an actual person or a one point a God this is meant show that Nichols has not rejected her culture and is still capable of seeing things in terms of her native culture. The poets heart is unchained by the hurricane which breaks the frozen lake in me. There is a clear implication that she has felt trapped in England and by riding the hurricane (a global event, of course) she finds her freedom. Heaneys poem is written in a repetitive and confident way and by using blank verse it reflects his mood that he will survive the storm. Although this changes throughout the poem, halfway through he uses phrases like the thing you fear and exploding comfortably to portray he is scared. While Nichols writes in free and open way which reflect her past in the Caribbean to show this she uses the words the earth is the earth The final lines of Hurricane Hits England are a plea for multiculturalism and a pride in ones own culture. The poet has realised that she can only be free and happy in England if she stops yearning for her own culture and accepts that, that culture is a part of her: she brought it to England with her just as the hurricane has brought a feeling of the Caribbean to England. This is unlike the ideas in Storm on the Island which concern our uneasy relationship to powerful natural forces and the feelings of vulnerability and fear. That we feel in the face of the potentially destructive powers of a storm.

Disasterous Eating Disorders Essay -- Health Diet Essays

Disasterous Eating Disorders   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Americans obsessions with their bodies has become a hot topic lately. From personal observation and research, I have seen the obsession become more severe. Web sites dealing with eating disorders are some of the most commonly visited web sites. We have a problem. The obsessions are becoming too serious, even fatal. Americans today have become slaves to the diet and fitness industries, resulting in an increased number of eating disorder cases over the past few years. If Americans are not educated about the complicated causes and effects of eating disorders then the plague of the 90’s, eating disorders, is going to continue to kill. The following paragraphs are a start to the education. They deal with some of the causes but more important some solutions to eating disorders.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, "obsessions are recurring or persistent thoughts, images, or impulses that, rather than being voluntarily produced, seem to invade a person's consciousness despite his attempts to ignore, suppress, or control them (Britannica 1). American's today deal with these thoughts about food, body image, imperfections, goals, flaws and how to deal with these. The thoughts are obsessive but they are real and at times, very intense. Sometimes the only way to cope with them, is to take drastic measures in ones behavior.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Obviously the rise in eating disorders and other obsessive illnesses have been addressed but why they develop and solutions to stopping them are still a hushed topic. Educating society about the causes and serious effects of Americas fatal obsessions is the purpose of this article and hopefully by reading it one will be more aware. Increasing the kn... ...sm, Vol. 3 Article 95 (c) 1996 SIRS, Inc. Cotton, Richard American Council on Exercise, Aerobic Instructor Manual pg 140 (c) 1993 Eckersleg, Richard "The Wests Deepening Cultural Crisis," Futurist Nov./Dec. Ethics, Vol. 4 Article 56 (c) 1993 SIRS, Inc. Encyclopedia Britannica "Obsessive Compulsive Disorder," (c) 1996 Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. Goldman, Nechama "Fatal Obsession," March 19, 1993 Jersulam Post SIRS 1993 Medical Science Article 64 (c) 1996 SIRS, Inc. Jenish, D'Arcy with Sharon Doyle Driedger "A Tragic Obsession," Maclean's Oct. 9,1989 SIRS 1989 Food, Vol. 4 Article 55 (c) 1989 SIRS, Inc. Psynet Enterprises "Eating Disorders - The Facts," Psych Net Mental Health (c)1996 Seligimann, Jean "The Pressure to Lose," Newsweek May 2, 1994 SIRS 1994 Health, Electronic Only, Article 126 (c) 1996 SIRS, Inc. Shape Magazine, "Crazy Diet Goals," (c) 1995

Microsoft Csr

â€Å"Technology creates opportunities for people and organizations to realize their full potential† is the thought driving Microsoft’s corporate citizenship program. With the enduring commitment to serve needs of communities worldwide Microsoft is playing the role of a responsible global citizen. Going far beyond its products and services it has collaborated with business partners, governments and non profit organizations around the globe to fulfil its commitment. It delivers new technology to people and organizations to unleash their creativity, productivity and opportunity across borders.In today’s world there is no scarcity of opportunities yet there is a growing divide between young people who have the chance to succeed owing to their enhanced skills and those who don’t. In response to this divide Microsoft has targeted its corporate citizenship program particularly towards youth empowerment. Microsoft YouthSpark is a youth empowerment initiative that connects millions of youth the world over and provides them with opportunities for education, employment and entrepreneurship.It brought together more than 350,000 students from more than 260 regions and countries to participate in the 2012 Imagine Cup—the world’s largest student technology competition. In the auspicious event students from different parts of the world and cultures use their skills to solve world’s most challenging problems. Such competitions are great motivators for youth as it provides them with a platform to showcase their talent across borders and to explore and enhance global opportunities.Microsoft has provided students free access to state-of-art technology facilities at more than 90 Microsoft innovation centres in 44 countries to accelerate their career opportunities. It has also provided innovative designer and web developer tools to students and teachers around the globe under the Microsoft Dreamspark initiative. Most of the companyâ €™s donations are targeted towards Non-profit organizations addressing the need of youth skill development. Also, through Microsoft BizSpark the company is helping young entrepreneurs launch new businesses by providing access to software development tools, industry connections, and investors.Empowering non profits: It goes without saying that the biggest problem a non-profit organization faces is raising funds for the upgrade and betterment of its core processes. â€Å"Nonprofits need powerful tools to transform passion into progress. Modern productivity, communication, and collaboration solutions help people drive social change where it’s needed most. † says Kurt DelBene, President, Microsoft Office Division. Through its technology for good program Microsoft is helping 62,000 non profit organizations around the globe to get affordable access to technology for serving communities with a greater zeal.Some activities under the initiative were donating hardware and so ftware to non profit organizations and providing them with refurbished laptops at relatively cheaper rates. Microsoft also collaborates with nonprofits for hosting more than 100 NGO Connection Days and in educating NGO staff on how to get the most value from donated software via webinars. Other than the above mentioned points Microsoft also provides technological process solutions to the non profits so that they can reach out to the people in need efficiently and effectively.Microsoft’s Employee giving program: Employees are the heart of any organization and the initiatives taken by them are prone to be embedded in the core of the organizational culture . The Microsoft’s employee giving program is a campaign by which employees devote their time and money as a service to the communities. Since its inception in 1983 the company has raised nearly $ 1 billion as donations. On 18th Oct, Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer and Chairman and Founder Bill Gates commemorated Microsoftâ €™s 30th Employee Giving Campaign during a special town hall event where the congratulated the employees for their efforts.In FY12 the employees gave nearly $100 million with a volunteering percentage of 65%. The company Encourages employee giving and volunteering by offering company matching contributions for US employees up to $12,000 for total time and cash donations. It gives employees at least three days off from their office work if they want to volunteer outside the United States. The volunteering percentage has increased 12. 5% year over year and more than 12000 employees and 2,000 non-profits have been registered on Volunteer Manager, Microsoft’s opportunity matching system for bringing needs and skills together.The organization motivates volunteering through the Give SharePoint site, where employees can share experiences and opportunities with the rest of the Microsoft community. Beyond direct service to the community, Microsoft has made significant strides in t he areas of human rights and environmental sustainability. It consulted with businesses, government and other key stakeholders to develop a human rights statement that brings together long-standing policies on issues such as privacy, security, free expression and labour rights.It exceeded its goal to cut carbon emissions by 30 percent compared with 2007, due in part to the 1. 1 billion kilowatt hours of green power it purchased, the third most of any US company. Its endorsement of the United Nations Global Compact drives Microsoft to continually improve its business practices and increase its accountability. â€Å"Stick to your core competenciesâ€Å"– the famous business jargon is what Microsoft is incorporating in its pursuit of becoming a world leader in Corporate citizenship.

Development of a PSYOPS Plan

Human beings are social beings and are involved in a lot of activities to either sustain them or perform them for their own interests and image. Some of these activities need a lot preparation for them to be accomplished without a hitch. Preparation of future activities may involve equipment, psychological and all other resources that may be vital in the successful accomplishment of the planned activities. The most important is the mind set of each and every person who is present in the activity which is usually called the psychological operations plan (PYSOPS).This plan has been widely utilized by the armed forces and religious groups to influence a group of people’s way of reasoning or their emotions. This plan is also utilized by intelligence groups and the main objective of the plan is to induce immediate response to the target group. This may also involve conveying information that has psychological effect to the community. The main objective of this plan is to create con ditions for the well being of the human body by reducing stress and hardening or teaching people on how to cope with certain situations.Community survey in development of PYSOPS planFor the purpose of reducing insecurity in a society there is need to establish community based organizations or programs with the aim of protecting the individuals within that society. As a result, highly specialized security personnel protect the society from crimes by obtaining information on the possible criminal activities in the future there by enhancing security in the society. Private security personnel are the ones with the responsibility of collecting all the necessary information to protect the community from future criminal activities.Private security is increasingly becoming popular in many societies because it has enhanced reduction in criminal activities. Private policing is advantageous over public policing in that the former is not influenced by constitution principles thus independent. T here are limitations to the PYSOPS plan which has limited the delivery of the PYSOPS mission and objectives for instance there is a limitation of the funds required to pass information to a large mass of people.This is because the PYSOPS plan projects are greatly underfunded thus unable to afford the funds needed for advertisements thus unable to reach many people. Lack of sufficient funds means that the PYSOPS is unable to provide the relevant information and there fore the organization is unable to protect the community from future criminal activities since the private security will not have enough personnel to cope up with the crime rates.PYSOPS is lack modern equipments and therefore will be unable to meet the objectives that ought to be accomplished. This is because of the fact that there is under funding of psychological operation plan. There are also cases of equipment failures because the PYSOPS personnel is not adequately trained on the equipments that they should utilize a nd therefore unable to operate these equipments effectively.This factor is attributed by the fact that the personnel to be recruited to PYSOPS barely cover half of the course they are supposed to cover and therefore naà ¯ve in the way they should operate. The plan is therefore unable to pass the influential information to the target groups. PYSOPS management is poorly planned as the executives are less trained and therefore translates to their inability to strategically plan on how to meet the demands of the community and the nation at large.Planning is a vital aspect in all organizations and there fore poor planning will mean that even the laid down missions are poorly planned and there is no way poorly planned projects will prosper or be accomplished.ConclusionP YSOPS is a plan that requires a lot of attention from the government and should be funded accordingly with the necessary equipments. The personnel working in these plans should be adequately trained to ensure that they co me up with viable planning strategies to ensure that the demands of the community are accomplished effectively.

Psychosocial Smoking Rehabilitation

Psychosocial Smoking Rehabilitation Introduction Smoking is among the most common habits globally. It is supposedly a way of unwinding and relaxing among smokers after a stressful event or a hard day’s work. Despite the assertion, a variety of diseases have been attributed to smoking particularly for long-term smokers.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Psychosocial Smoking Rehabilitation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Smoking is a substantial risk factor for a variety of health challenges including lung cancer, emphysema, and cardiovascular ailments. In cases where the ailments originate from other causes, smoking speeds up the development of health conditions. The advancements in medical awareness and technology make it possible for individuals to pinpoint a variety of deadly diseases attributed to smoking. Actually, smoking is the leading avoidable grounds for fatality globally. In the United States, it claims hundred thousands of liv es. Main Body Nicotine is a chemical element present in many substances including cigarettes. Once an individual uses nicotine-containing products regularly, they are susceptible to addiction particularly when the product is smoked. Habitual cigarette users become so obsessed that it is almost impossible to abstain from smoking. Rehabilitation techniques are hence imperative in assisting smokers to quit smoking. Larson and Sydeman (2013) indicate that smoking is among the leading risks for coronary cardiac disease (CHD) in the United States. When compared to non-smokers, the odds ratio (OR) for myo-cardiac infarction is around 2.5 for retirement-aged adults. On the other hand, the OR for cardiovascular conditions is around 2 (1-3). In addition, upon a cardiac occurrence, a cigarette user is 2 times likely to have a restenosis (Larson Sydeman, 2013). The victim may also die following a cardiovascular disease especially when they are above 55 years. The authors indicate that patients with coronary cardiac disease average an estimated decrease in death risk of 36 percent upon quitting. An average of 46 percent risk decrease is projected for myocardial infarction patients. Unfortunately, most smokers find it difficult or impossible to quit smoking on their own prerogative and effort.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Determined smokers wishing to quit hence require various intervention strategies to help them out of the smoking trap. Different intervention strategies indicate different levels of effectiveness for different patients. Uncomplicated but concise advice from medical practitioner to a smoker increases the odds of quitting by up to 70 percent compared to nonintervention (Larson Sydeman, 2013). Group behavior therapy increases the chances of successful quitting by twofold which is comparable to individual patient counseling. The authors indicate that individual counseling is superior to nonintervention. They claim that rehabilitation efforts that are more concentrated reflect no improvement in self-restraint rates. Apparently, self-help interventions are the least successful. Evidence does not exist on their additional benefits in permutation with counseling. The quitting numbers are threefold over for inpatients in hospital and care homes compared to smokers in conventional home settings. Larson and Sydeman (2013) conclude that individuals with Type D Personality do not indicate CHD risk association. However, there is a strong link between tobacco smoking and CHD. Smoking increases the chances of mortality. For CHD patients, interventions ought to begin in the hospital. Consequently, it should last for at least one month upon discharge. Tobacco is the leading cause of preventable mortality among the US population (Getsios Marton, 2013). It leads to grave tobacco-related conditions such as lung cancer, persistent respiratory diseases, cardiac diseases, and stroke. Despite the fact that tobacco use has declined in recent years, 19 percent of adults continue to smoke. Majority of smokers who attempt to quit relapse. The dependence on tobacco is perceived as a chronic disease in itself. It requires numerous attempts to cease smoking. It is estimated that 1 in 4 smokers who attempt to quit on their own succeed. The rest relapse and never attempt quitting on their own unless they seek rehabilitation services. Unassisted cessation attempts are popular. However, majority of smokers who successfully quit seek cessation medication. Over 40 percent continue to use medication to sustain the attempt (Getsios Marton, 2013).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Psychosocial Smoking Rehabilitation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Getsios and Marton (2013) most of the economic models that evaluate the effects of smoke quit ting rehabilitation consider the influence of a single quit attempt. The evaluations are based on long-term health and financial outcomes. They often presume that smokers who fail in their cessation attempt or be successful, but later relapse, continue smoking for the rest of their life. The motivation to quit is an essential construct in the smoking termination process (Getsios Marton, 2013). Despite this fact, existing literature is devoid of the agreement on how such motivation is described and calculated. Among the general smoking population, the motivation to quit smoking is gauged against the individual’s willingness to seek interventions as well as using facts to support the cessation attempts. Additionally, a variety of motivating factors such as overt self-claimed urge to quit, economic and physical conditions, anxiety and expectancies as well as change in attitude towards tobacco are among the predicting factors that indicate the attempt to quit for general smokers . Conversely, for cerebral health patient smokers, a substantial percentage would want to. Using the Trans-theoretical Model of behavior change, the authors investigate the occurrence of future ‘willingness to quit’ among patients with schizophrenia, associated psychotic disorders, and depression. For instance, between 19 and 38 percent of smoking mental health patients consider quitting within a month. Such willingness can effectively be translated into victorious quitting. The quitting rates among such patients can be up to 22 percent. However, the goal can only be achieved when merged psychosocial and pharmacological interventions are used. Comprehending the smoker’s motivation to quit and related factors plays a significant role in helping clinical workers to address the use of tobacco in inpatient surroundings. The understanding may assist in the progression and delivery of efficient nicotine-dependence treatment. Diverse behavioral and pharmacologic rehabil itations for tobacco use cessation have demonstrated efficacy. Consequently, the US department of health and human services advocates the use of medication and behavioral treatment for smoke quitting. An array of smoking prevention and management activities indicate substantial decrease in tobacco use during the last three decades.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The majority of wide-ranging and available methods utilized in these social campaigns include mass media smoke-quitting campaigns. These campaigns have been success in reducing the number of smokers. However, their efficacy at the personal levels is not vivid (Getsios Marton, 2013). Research conducted by Asvat and King (2014) tested the effectiveness of different types of smoking termination messages meant for racially-diverse American population through community-based awareness campaigns. The authors suggest that smoking is generally on the decrease in the United States. They assert that a plea to persuade close friends to quit smoking is more successful in comparison to a plea to safeguard oneself from the destructive effects of tobacco. However, such pleas from a racially different friend are not well received and may not yield the desired results. Population-based empirical evidence indicates that African Americans, Hispanic, uninsured, and young males rarely engage the servic es of quitting programs. However, when rehabilitation services are extended to these populations, quit attempts are more successful compared to the white counterparts. The findings indicate that racial diversity, smoking history, and motivation to quit support African Americans when they receive smoke cessation rehabilitation and equality in receiving the services (Asvat and King, 2014). A study conducted by Burgess and Sherman (2014) indicates that tobacco consumption and social disadvantage are progressively more intertwining as the difference in smoking percentages between the wealthy and the underprivileged individuals widens. The increases in tobacco prices heighten the economic baggage for marginalized groups. Study continuously indicates that they find it difficult to quit. The result is augmented health, psychosomatic and economic challenges making the use of tobacco a substantial contributor to societal disparity and the subsequent repercussions. The article concludes that mediations that encourage smoke quitting in underprivileged areas enhance the financial circumstances and livelihoods of the affected persons. Consequently, there is reduction in socio-economic discrepancies in transience. Apparently, there exist a linear gradient between increased consumption of tobacco and injection drug prevalence with increase in area disadvantage. According to Cooper and Friedman (2007), when an area is disadvantaged, there are high chances that the population is bound to be impacted by the consequences of smoking tobacco and its products. Locations of increased disadvantage create an apt atmosphere that encourages the continuous use of tobacco due to fewer smoking barriers due to the prevalence of injection drugs. Areas inhabited by American Africans, Hispanics and Asian Americans are among these locations (Cooper and Friedman, 2007). These areas are prone to the existence of gangs that engage in excessive use of tobacco and other narcotics. These gangs rarely engage with the health system where they can receive rehabilitation services due to residential segregation. Research conducted by Gritz and Danysh (2013) indicates that individuals living with HIV/AIDS have a significantly increased possibility of smoking in comparison to the general population. Considering their condition, they are more vulnerable to the unfavorable health implications of smoking. The researchers found that cognitive and behavioral elements assist in altering beliefs and behaviors that act as hurdles to the attempt to quit the use of tobacco and consequently abstain. Motivation plays a fundamental role when helping people living with HIV/AIDS particularly during the treatment delivery stage. The study indicates that African American and Hispanic persons smoke fewer cigarettes daily. However, they are nicotine dependent. The precise reason behind the tendency of using fewer cigarettes is not clear. The lack of financial endowment to buy tobacco products for day-to -day use is suspected to be a causative factor. The authors indicate that there is dire need for studies to focus on how to sustain the impact of intervention, raising the general quit rates, and minimizing actual hurdles to termination related to psychiatric comorbidity (Gritz Danysh, 2013). A study conducted by Diana Burgess and Scott Sherman (2014) indicates that African Americas have lesser chances of quitting successfully compared to their white counterparts. The variation persists despite the former’s stronger urge, readiness, and motivation to quit. Additionally, they harbor the belief that they will quit successfully. Consequently, they attempt to quit more often than whites (Burgess Sherman, 2014). Empirical research indicates that an essential contributor to the differences in quitting is black Americans’ limited utilization of fact-based quitting rehabilitation. The African Americans are less likely to be screened for tobacco use. They rarely volunteer to receive cessation counseling or prescription for tobacco replacement rehabilitation. The attitude of the African Americans limits the chances of caregivers intruding and offer rehabilitation services to smokers. The researchers assert that African Americans are more likely to benefit from tobacco quitting care model considering that they are less likely to have received earlier pharmacotherapy rehabilitation (Burgess Sherman, 2014). Conclusion Smokers wishing to quit smoking encounter diverse challenges irrespective of whether or not they have other health conditions. However, smokers with other health challenges encounter increased chances of persistence use of tobacco. The same applies to individuals living in disadvantaged areas due to economic challenges. It is hence imperative for clinical staff, counselors, and the community at large to understand the challenges individuals face when attempting to quit smoking. Rehabilitation interventions hence require to be addressed to dev elop newer and effective methods that help in rehabilitating smokers and reduce the chances of lapses and relapses. There is need for further research to be conducted in future to establish the impact of social interventions that are effective for successful smoking cessation. References Asvat, Y., King, A. (2014). Feasibility and effectiveness of a community-based smoking cessation intervention in a racially diverse, urban smoker cohort. American Journal of Public Health, 104(4), 620-627. Burgess, D., Sherman, S. (2014). Smoking cessation among African American and white smokers in the veterans affairs health care system. American Journal of Public Health, 104(4), 580-587. Cooper, H., Friedman, R. (2007). Residential segregation and injection drug use prevalence among black adults in US metropolitan areas. American Journal of Public Health, 97(2), 344-352. Gritz, E., Danysh, H. (2013). Long-term outcomes of a cell phone–delivered intervention for smokers living with HIV/ AIDS. CID, 57(1), 608-615. Larson, N., Sydeman, S. (2013). Type D personality is not associated with coronary heart disease risk in a North American sample of retirement-aged adults. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 20(1), 277-285.

Faire les quatre cents coups - French Expression

Faire les quatre cents coups - French Expression Expression: Faire les quatre cents coups Pronunciation: [fehr lay kat(reu) sa(n) coo] Meaning: to raise hell, live a wild life, sow ones wild oats Literal translation: to do the four hundred tricks Register: normal Notes Many expressions cant be translated literally between French and English, but the French expression faire les quatre cents coups is one that makes virtually no sense at all- you cant even guess as to what it means figuratively. It may be partly the definite article les (the) that makes it so difficult, as if there are 400 specific tricks that one must do in order to claim that youve lived a truly wild life. Also, the word coup has numerous meanings- in faire les quatre cents coups, its in the sense of un mauvais coup i.e. a dirty or mean trick. Unfortunately, the title of the Franà §ois Truffauts film Les Quatre Cents Coups was poorly translated as The 400 Blows in English. 400 Tricks would have been a little better, but the best translation would have probably been something more figuratively comparable like Raising Hell or The Wild One. Example   Ã‚  Ã‚  Paul ne va pas luniversità ©; il fait toujours les quatre cents coups.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Paul isnt going to college; hes still sowing his wild oats.

Modern technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Modern technology - Essay Example Our recent use of smartphones however seems to defeat that purpose because we have become more disconnected than we were because of our excessive use of smartphones. Smartphone is â€Å"a  mobile phone  with more advanced computing capability and connectivity than basic  feature phones. Early smartphones typically combined the features of a mobile phone with those of another popular consumer device, such as a  personal digital assistant  (PDA), a media player, a  digital camera, and/or a  GPS navigation unit. Later smartphones include all of those plus the features of a  touchscreen  computer, including  web browsing,  Wi-Fi, and 3rd-party  apps† (Wikipedia). In short, smartphone is a mobile phone that has the capability of a computer because it does not only allow us to send text messages and make phone calls, but also has processing capability to get into the internet, play applications as well as take and record videos and pictures. Having a smartphone is like having a computer in our pockets where the world can be reached with tip of our fingers. Through it, we can reach virtually connect to almost anyone from anywhere in the world. It made our life very convenient because many transactions and activities can already be done online through our smartphones. Transactions such as banking and paying our bills which usually takes time and effort to do because we have to physically do it but can now be done through our smartphones saving us time and money. Shopping are also made easier through our smartphones because we can now buy online through our smartphones and even have it delivered right at our doorsteps. Basically, the capabilities of smartphone now seem to be endless and the possibilities that can be done with it is still evolving because developers are still thinking of new ways on how it can still be harnessed. Despite of the many

There is no set topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

There is no set topic - Essay Example It is in this third letter that he strove to enlighten the public in his influence during the 18th century of how his humble career as a farmer created for him a paradigm shift that significantly changed his overall perspective of Europe with a renewed heart toward America and the naturalized citizenship which it endowed him without much exertion. The words in ‘What is an American?’ may be noted for both its simple and complex constructions which occur to liberate a tone of replenishing spirit after pertinent details had been brought across by critical yet sensible mode of reasoning. Instead of getting the reader to anticipate a more straightforward answer at its opening, the author seemed to have diverted the audience to a historically inclined creative introduction. Crevecoeur opted for the presence of an Englishman in the beginning to witness how the land of America, in which several Caucasians melted, alleviates a man to a level of acquiring both identity and prosper ity which he was deprived of while dwelling in the nation of his origins where social classes make a huge matter of concern.

Rugby Union and Nationalism in Irelandnat Research Paper

Rugby Union and Nationalism in Irelandnat - Research Paper Example What the considerations of this context to be explored includes historical accounts of Irish rugby, British media portraits of Irish rugby union, and the views of contemporary international Irish rugby players. The concept of "identity" can be summarized as the deep-rooted subjective feelings and valuations of any group of people who share common experiences and cultural characteristics (Bloom, 1990). Individuals are not tied to one identity but with their multiple and complex personal identities that are continually molded by societal dynamics. National Identity is among these where within its terminology: the nation and feelings of "nationness" are largely articulated through national culture (Schwarz, 1992). A national culture in many ways is composed of a set of competing discourses bound to the actions of specific social groups. Dominant social groups can therefore manufacture identities about "the nation" the public, can relate. Identifications with the nation are deeply anchor ed in "national history" is continuously narrated through stories, memories, and images. This symbolic historical ritual of narrations is consequently loaded with the "recollection of shared experiences" of a people in the form of an "imagined community" (Anderson, 1983), which gives meaning onto the nation. However, this representation can also become part of a person's "second nature" and turned "real" for example, through sporting affiliations rather than simply imagined. When considering the relationship between sport and the nation, it has been widely acknowledged that sport and national identity have been closely associated over the past century and a half. Sporting competition arguably provides the primary expression of imagined communities; the nation (at least temporarily) turning real in the domain of sports. (Bale, 1986) states that, "Whether at local, regional or national level, sport is, after war, probably the principal means of collective identification in modern life ." Brief History of Sports and Nationalism of United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland Historically, sporting identities have reflected also the national identities within the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland. The "Celtic Fringe" has used sports in various ways as a means of asserting its own national identities. For example, in the late nineteenth century, Irish cultural nationalists, eager to reclaim their cultural identities by forging a new Irish nation, rejected "British" sports and established their own Gaelic games under the arm of Gaelic Athletic Association (Mandle, 1987). Case study: Documents that Relate Rugby Union, National Identity, and Ireland Diffley (1973) and Van Esbeck (1974, 1986, 1999) extensively documented the "story" of Irish rugby and here is a brief overview of the official histories of the relationship between rugby union and national identity in Ireland. Van Esbeck (1974) states that, "the essential physical character of the game is certainly compatible with the essential character of the Irish temperament. . . ." implying present is a special tie between rugby and being Irish. Diffley's (1973) accounts: The players may . . . play as intensely as teams from any other country but . . . in the

Factors Can Affect Validity Reliability Of Systematic Review Nursing Essay

Factors Can Affect Validity Reliability Of Systematic Review Nursing Essay Systematic review with meta-analysis are considered more objective than other types of reviews such as traditional reviews because it involve the application of scientific strategies in ways that limit the bias but the interpretation of the systematic process like any other type of research is subject to bias and this articles will illustrate the sources of bias in every step of conducting a systematic review and what is its types and ways. Keywords: Systematic review, Bias, Meta-analysis Introduction A systematic review is an overview of many studies that used clear and reproducible methods while a meta-analysis is a mathematical synthesis of the results of two or more primary studies that address the same hypothesis in the same way. Systematic reviews are very popular so about 2500 new English language systematic reviews are indexed in Medline annually (Mother D, Tetzlaff J, Tricco a, et al). While the number is impressive ,the quality of their reporting is not always ideal which lead to some kind of biased results and thus shrink their usefulness. Although meta-analysis can increase the precision of a result, it is important to ensure that the methods used for the review were valid and reliable. (Greenhangh. 1997) Speaking generally,there are two sources -at least- can generate bias in systematic reviews: the risk of bias in the included studies which it can exaggerate the results of a treatments effectiveness by 18% (Pidal J, Hrobjartsson A, Jorgensen KJ, et al) and the review itself as it has a little control over the reporting of RTCs but it can apply considrable control over conducting and reporting the review, thereby minimizing the bias of review itself. In this article we will try to spot the sources of bias in every step of conducting a systematic review and what is its types and ways and after that we will talk in details about each factor might cause a bias including publication bias, time lag bias, citation bias, the influence of external funding on the validity of systematic review and outcome reporting bias. Assessing the Quality of a Systematic Review General Tips (step-by-step) Fundamentally, the quality of a systematic review and the reliability of its result are contingent on both the quality of the included studies and the quality of the methodology used to produce the systematic review. The first most important step in conducting systematic review is proposing a clear, specific,focused and concise question which will guide the review process after. Searching for articles to be included can be retrieved by electronic databases, searching by hands through appropriate journals and by contacting researchers in the area of interest. To avoid the bias in the retrieval of articles the search strategy specified in the protocol must include as much details as possible. In most cases this amounts of to a list of keywords and how they will be combined for use in electronic search engines. Some knowledge of the capability of each subject specific database is important at this point, as some databases operate a thesaurus search system and others operate on the basis of keywords only. Next step, selective inclusion studies may bias the results of systematic reviews if selected based on report characteristics which called Biased inclusion criteria and low methodological quality of studies included in a systematic review is another important source of bias (Strerne JAC, Egger M, Smith GD 2001) and inclusion of data from sources other than randomized trials reduces the reliability of the conclusions of a systematic review on issues of prevention and treatment, so they should be thoroughly considered and properly defined to avoid ambiguity and to inform the validity of the review. As protocol availability may decrease the biased post-hoc changes to methods and selective outcome reporting, this information should be included in the review protocol to minimize this bias. Even if the study has high internal validity, it may not to be generalizable(high external validity). There is often a trad-off between internal and external validity. To decide about the generalizability of the study is to explore whether the study population appears to be representative of the population to which you wish to apply the results and even in similar populations, differences in the settings and in culture or other contextual factors, should also be considered.(Petticrew M, Robert, H 2008) Reviewing the results of a number of studies of course itself provides a est of generalizability, if the results have been replicated in several settings with different population, then this gives an indication of whether the results are transferable. If the number of studies is large enough, it can suggest the range of effect sizes to be expected in different settings. Generalizability is not often assessed separately in systematic reviews, though consideration of the issue is included in some critical appraisal checklists. (Deeks J, Dinnes J, DAmico R, Sowden A, Sakarovitch C. 2003) The risk of bias of a particular study is a key component in the assessment of studies that affect the validity of the results of a systematic review. Therefore, reducing the risk of bias assessment can be completed by using scales, checklists and every individual component should be reported for each study.(Sandrson S, Tatt ID, Higgins JP 2007). As the protocol developing, all the outcomes derived from the included studies should be considered and the outcome of primary importance should be differentiated from the secondary outcomes as recent surveys have showed that the outcomes selectively reported in final reports were significantly more likely to be statistically significant than those omitted (Chan AW, Hrobjartsson A, Haahr MT, et al 2004). Therefore, if a review does not identify important variables clearly, the review risks being subject to bias. So, the reviewer might select statistically significant variables and ignore the ones were initially important by the reviewer. When it comes to analysing data, the analysing method is determined by the review question and the type of data collected and it should include a narrative synthesis for describing the results and risk of bias. The next step is usually determining if statistical synthesis is appropriate to apply or not. Indeed, such forced analysis might in the axiom garbage in garbage out, providing useless results which it will discussed Later. When the results of the analysis are ready, there are many different way to represent them but sufficient details should be presented to dtermine the potential threats to validity. As conclusion in the review, the reviewer should discuss the risk of bias, strength, limitation, weakness and applicability of the evidence for each main outcome to ensure that clinicians have all the information to interpret the results. A table outlining the users guides to the Medical Literature highlight critical appraisal questions for systematic reviews and meta-analyses may help to reduce the bias in every step when conducting a systematic review.(Table 1) Table 1. Questions should be considered in determining if the results of systematic review are valid. ( adapted from Crowther, MA. Cook, DJ 2007) Did the overview address a focused clinical question? Were the criteria used to select articles for inclusion both defined and appropriate? What is the likelihood that relevant studies were missed? Was the validity of the included studies assessed? Were the assessment reproducible? How precise were the results of the overview? In assessing the value the review, it is important to consider the following question: Can the results be applied to my patients, and will the results help me care for my patients? Are the benefits worth the harms and costs? Garbage in garbage out? The quality of component trails is important as an example if the raw material is not that quality, then the findings of reviews may also be the same. So what we put in exactly what we get out. Clearly, the studies included in systematic reviews should ideally be of high methodological quality and free of bias as possible. The biases that threaten the validity of clinical trials are relate to systematic differences in the patients characteristics at baseline (selection bias), unequal provision of care apart from the treatment under evaluation (performance bias), biased assessment of outcomes (detection bias) , and bias due to exclusion of patients after they have been allocated to treatment groups (attrition bias).(Altman 1991) Some reviews produced discordant results precisely because the authors chose to ignore the quality of component trails. The same reviewers were considerably more thorough in their attempt to identify all-relevant trails,Independent of publication statue or language of publication. Although the quality of component trails happened to be more important in this particular situation, the dissemination of findings from clinical trials is known to be biased, and a comprehensive literature search is an essential intergradient of high-quality reviews. (Eddger,M. Dickersin, K. Smith,G, S 2001) Putting the light on dissemination of research findings, Scherer et al. showed that only about half of abstracts presented at conferences are later published in full. The fact that sustainable proportion of studies remains unpublished after the study had been completed must be a concern as a large information remains hidden from reviewers. Making things worse, the dissemination of research findings is not a random process, rather it is strongly influenced by the nature and direction of results. (Eddger,M. Dickersin, K. Smith,G, S 2001) Type of reporting bias Definition Publication bias The publication or non-puplication of research findings, depending on the nature and direction of results Time lag bias The rapid or delayed publication of research findings, depending on the nature and direction of results Duplicate publication bias The multiple or singular publication of research findings, depending on the nature and direction of results Citation bias The citation or non-citation of research findings, depending on the nature and direction of results Language bias The publication of research findings in particular language, depending on the nature and direction of results Outcome reporting bias The selecting reporting of some outcomes but not others, depending on the nature and direction of results Figure 1.2 (Adapted from Eddger,M. Dickersin, K. Smith,G, S 2001) Publication Bias In a 1979 article on the file drawer problem and tolerance for null results Rosenthal said, where the journals are filled with the 5 per cent of the studies that show type I errors, while the file drawers back at the lab are filled with the 95 per cent of the studies that show non significant results. (Rosenthal R. 1979). The file drawer problem has long been recognized in the social sciences: as a review of psychology journals found that of 294 studies published in 1970s, 97% rejected the null hypothesis at the 5% level.(Sterling TD.1980) It is thus possible that studies which suggest a beneficial treatment effect are published, while an equal mass of data pointing the other way remains unpublished. In this situation, a systematic review of the published trails could identify a spurious beneficial treatment effect, or miss an important adverse effect of a treatment. In the field of cancer chemotherapy such publication has been demonstrated by comparing the result from studies identified in a literature search with those contained in an international trials registry (see figure 1.2). (Simes RJ. 1986) Time lag bias Published studies continued to appear many years after approval by the ethic committee. Among proposals submitted to the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Ethics Committee in Sydney, 85% of studies with significant results as compared to 65% of studies with null results had been published after 10 years (Stern JM, Simes RJ. 1997). The average time to publication was 4.8 years for studies with significant results comparing to 8.0 years for studies with null results. In fact, the time lag was attributable to differences in the time from completion to publication.(Eddger,M. Dickersin, K. Smith,G, S 2001) 0.7 1.0 1.3 Published 16 (1908) Registered 13 (2491) Survival ratio (95% confidence interval) Figure 1.2 (adapted from Simes) These findings indicate that time lag bias may be introduced in systematic reviews even when most or all trails will eventually be published. Trails with positive results will dominate the literature and introduce bias for several years until the negative results finally appear. The influence of external funding and commercial interests Many systematic reviews are funded by organizations such as pharmaceutical companies. As in the design of randomized trials, the design of systematic reviews can be influenced (particularly through manipulation of inclusion and exclusion criteria) to select a particular set of studies. As a result, such systematic reviews may present a biased viewpoint. Careful assessment of the quality of the systematic review should reveal the flaws in their design. Another way in which bias can be introduced is through biased interpretation of the results of a systematic review funded by industry or authored by investigators who are influenced by industry.(Crowther, MA. Cook, DJ 2007) External funding was associated with publication independently of the statistical significance of the results. Funding by government agencies was significantly associated with publication in three cohorts of proposals submitted to ethics committees whereas pharmaceutical industry sponsored studies were less likely to be published in two studies. Indeed, the pharmaceutical industry tends to discourage the publication of negative studies which it has funded. (Eddger,M. Dickersin, K. Smith,G, S 2001). Duplicate publication bias Once a list of articles is obtained, they should be reviewed by two or more individuals and compared with a list of pre-developed inclusion and exclusion criteria The production of multiple publications from single studies can lead to bias in a number of ways. Two or more systematic reviews on the same topic may arrive at different conclusion, which raise concern about validity. Studies with significant results are more likely to lead to multiple publications, which makes it more likely that they will be located and included in a meta-analysis. Moher and Johansen and Gotzsche described the difficulties caused by redundancy and the disaggregation of medical research when results from multicentre trail are presented in several publications. It may be impossible for reviewers to determine whether two papers represent duplicate publications of one trail or two separate trails, since example exist where two articals reporting the same trail do not share a single common author. (Eddger,M. Dickersin, K. Smith,G, S 2001). Citation bias The perusal of the reference lists of articles is used to identify additional articles that may be relevant. The problem with this approach is that the act of citing previous work is far from objective and retrieving literature by scanning references lists for many possible motivations such as decoration and showing up-to-dateness and knowledge may thus produce a biased sample of studies. (Eddger,M. Dickersin, K. Smith,G, S 2001) Language bias Language bias still evident in many reviews (Hearther, 2009). Reviewers are often exclusively based on trails published in English. For example, among 36 meta-analyses reported in leading English-language general medicine journals from 1991 to 1993, 26 had restricted their search to studies in English language. Reviewers in other countries will published their work in local journals as well as English language journal if their results are positive while negative results will just be published in local journals. This is demonstrated for the German language literature when comparing articles published by the same author, 63% of trails published in English had produced significant results as compared to 35% of trails published in German. Thus bias could be introduced in meta-analyses exclusively based on English-language reports.(Figure 1.3) (Eddger,M. Dickersin, K. Smith,G, S 2001) Figure 1.3 (adapted from Egger et al.) Outcome reporting bias Reporting the outcome can be influenced by the results: the outcome with the most favorable findings will generally be reported. (Eddger,M. Dickersin, K. Smith,G, S 2001). The future of unbiased, systematic reviewing Reporting biases is potentially serious problem for systematic review. While the Cochrane Collaboration has a simple aim -help people to make well informed dicisions about healthcare-, there are many challenges that must be met to achieve this aim. Ethical and social challenges include finding ways to continue to build on enthusiasm while avoiding duplication and minimizing bias, to ensure sustainability and to accommodate diversity. Logistical challenges include finding ways to identify efficiently trails and manage criticisms and updates of reviews. Methodological challenges include developing sound guidelines for deciding what types of studies to include in reviews, effective ways of communicating the results of reviews and summarizing the strength of evidence for specific effects. (Eddger,M. Dickersin, K. Smith,G, S 2001). Conclusion and Summary points In summary, There are numerous ways in which bias can be introduced in reviews and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. All these biases are more likely to affect small studies therefore, their results need large treatment effect to be significant. On the other side, the large studies invest more money and time that means they are more likely to be high methodological quality and published even if their results are negative. Bias in a systematic review may become evident through an association between the size of the treatment effect and study size. Reliability and validity often not established within quality assessment instrument (Heather, 2009).If the methodological quality of trials is inadequate the findings of reviews of this materials may also be compromised. Publication bias can distort findings because trials with statically significant results are more likely to be published, and without delay, than trials without significant results. Among published trails, those w ith significant results are more likely to get published in English, more likely to be cited, and more likely to be published more than once which means that they will also be more likely to identified and included in reviews. The choice of the outcome that is reported can be influenced by the results. The outcome with the most favorable findings will generally be reported, which may introduced bias. Criteria for inclusion of studies into a review may be influenced by knowledge of the results of the set of potential studies. The definition of eligibility criteria for trails to be included, a comprehensive search for such tails, and an assessment of their methodological quality are central to systematic reviews. Systematic reviews are thus more likely to avoid bias than traditional, narrative reviews.(Eddger,M. Dickersin, K. Smith,G, S 2001) Nevertheless, the systematic review is a powerful research methodology which answers question on the the basis of good evidence and provides researchers with a valuable, impartial, comprehensive and up-to-date summary of the work conducted in a specific area.

Symbolism and Allegory in To Kill a Mockingbird Essay -- Kill Mockingb

Symbolism and Allegory in To Kill a Mockingbird Harper Lee uses symbolism extensively throughout To Kill a Mockingbird,, and much of it refers to the problems of racism in the South during the early twentieth century. Harper Lee's effective use of racial symbolism and allegory can be seen by studying various examples from the book, namely the actions of the children, of the racist whites, and of Atticus Finch. One of the more effective allegories in the novel is the building of a snowman by Jem and Scout. There was not enough snow to make a snowman entirely out of snow, so Jem made a foundation out of dirt and then covered it with what snow they had. If the snowman was made completely out of snow, Jem's action would not be so significant. Scout is very surprised when she sees the brown snowman and she exclaims: "Jem, I ain't never heard of a nigger snowman." (72), and to this Jem replies: "He won't be black long." (72). Scout's words indicate the strange nature of the snowman which is half-black, half-white. Jem, however did not find it peculiar and he "scooped up some snow and began plastering it on". Gradually Mr. Avery turned white? (73). The symbol of the snowman, like every other symbol in literature, may have various interpretations depending on the reading of the individual. In the specific case the snowman can be seen in two ways. Firstly, this alteration from black to white can be considered as a merging of the two races into one, without any differences between them to separate them, an equality of black and white people. The change of colour (black to white) suggests the superficiality of the colour of the skin, which should not be a criterion for judging people and dividing them into categories. Atticus's... ...r the two victims of human malice suggests the power Harper Lee sees in symbolism, which carries the message better than words. At this point she seems to agree with J.B.S. Haldane, a British Scientist, who stated: "In fact, words are well adapted for description and the arousing of emotion, but for many kinds of precise thought other symbols are much better" (Tripp). Perhaps this is the reason Harper Lee chooses to declare her rejection of prejudice and racism through the use of symbols; because they are more effective than words. Works Cited Lee, Harper. To Kill A Mockingbird. 1960. New York: Warner Books, 1982. Tripp, Rhoda Thomas. The International Thesaurus of Quotations. New York: Harper and Row, 1990. "To Kill a Mockingbird." Sparknotes LLC. 2003. Barnes & Noble Learning Network. 2 Nov. 2003 .